Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41442045›Full record

ArticleBulletin of mathematical biology2025

Immune Modulation in the Tumor Microenvironment: Bifurcation Analysis of Cancer-CTL-Monocyte Dynamics.

Eymard Hernandez-Lopez, Russell Milne, Xiunan Wang

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In one paragraph

Article in Bulletin of mathematical biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Eymard Hernandez-LopezDepartment of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA.
Russell MilneDepartment of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G1, Canada.
Xiunan WangDepartment of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA. xiunan-wang@utc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-4101

Funding

National Science Foundation LEAPS-MPS 2532311
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We present a mathematical model describing the interactions between cancer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and monocytes within the tumor microenvironment. The model incorporates key immunological mechanisms, including tumor antigenicity, the Allee effect, and monocyte-mediated immune activation via MHCI cross-dressing. Using systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), we derive analytical expressions for equilibrium points, evaluate their stability, and characterize bifurcations, such as saddle-node, Hopf, Bogdanov-Takens, and Bautin. A reduced model via quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA) is also proposed, preserving the core dynamic structure to facilitate bifurcation analysis. A central finding of our study is the critical role of the monocyte-mediated T cell activation rate, denoted by the parameter

Indexed as

Models, ImmunologicalMonocytesNeoplasmsT-Lymphocytes, CytotoxicTumor MicroenvironmentAntigens, NeoplasmComputer SimulationHumansLymphocyte ActivationMathematical ConceptsNonlinear DynamicsAntigens, NeoplasmAllee effectBistabilityMonocyte-mediated immune activationQuasi-steady-state approximationT cells

Identifiers

PMID41442045
PMCPMC12738628

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.