Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41441900›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of pediatrics2025

Early breastfeeding as protective factor for preschool emotional and behavioral health.

Susana Vargas-Pérez, Carmen Hernández-Martínez, Núria Voltas, Victoria Arija, Josefa Canals-Sans

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in European journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Susana Vargas-Pérez *Research Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7103-103X
Carmen Hernández-Martínez *Research Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-8679
Núria VoltasResearch Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8855-0282
Victoria ArijaResearch Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain. Victoria.arija@urv.cat.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1758-0975
Josefa Canals-SansResearch Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain. Josefa.canals@urv.cat.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-9558

Funding

Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca 2022 FI-B 00946
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To examine the association between any breastfeeding duration and emotional and behavioral problems in 4-year-old children, considering psychosocial, demographic, and perinatal variables. The sample included 564 children. Any breastfeeding duration was categorized into four groups: no breastfeeding, 1-4 months, 4-8 months, and more than 8 months. Emotional and behavioral development was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist 1

conclusionsEarly breastfeeding, particularly within the first 4 months, may protect effects against emotional and behavioral problems, suggesting that intensity rather than prolonged durations could be more relevant for child development. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Any breastfeeding has been associated with positive effects on child development, including possible protection against behavioral and emotional problems. • Evidence on the duration of any breastfeeding and its impact on mental health outcomes in early childhood remains inconsistent. WHAT IS NEW: • Breastfeeding during the first 4 months is associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing problems at 4 years. • Protective effects diminish beyond 8 months, suggesting intensity in the early period may be more relevant than prolonged duration.

Indexed as

Breast FeedingChild BehaviorChild Behavior DisordersChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleProtective FactorsTime FactorsBehavioral problemsBreastfeedingChild developmentChild mental healthEmotional problems

Identifiers

PMID41441900
PMCPMC12738596

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.