ReviewToxins2025
Functional Coupling and Evolutionary Relationships Between Toxin-Antitoxin Systems and CRISPR-Cas Systems.
Review in Toxins, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Bacteria encode a broad range of survival and defence systems, including CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas systems, restriction-modification systems, and toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, which are involved in bacterial regulation and immunity. The traditional view holds that CRISPR-Cas systems and TA systems are two independent defense lines in prokaryotes. However, groundbreaking studies in recent years have revealed multi-level functional coupling between them. This review systematically elaborates on this mechanism, focusing on three types of TA systems that mediate the core correlation of CRISPR-Cas systems: CreTA maintains the evolutionary stability of CRISPR-Cas systems through an addiction mechanism; CreR enables self-regulation of CRISPR-Cas expression; and CrePA provides herd immunity by triggering abortive infection after the CRISPR-Cas system has been destroyed by Anti-CRISPRS protein. Additionally, we discuss the evolutionary homology between the type III toxin AbiF and the type VI CRISPR effector Cas13, offering a new perspective for understanding the origin of CRISPR-Cas systems. These findings not only reveal the functional coupling of prokaryotic defense systems but also provide a powerful theoretical framework and practical solutions for addressing stability challenges in CRISPR technology applications.
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