ReviewGels (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Comparative Evaluation of Spreadability Measurement Methods for Topical Semisolid Formulations/A Scoping Review.
Review in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Design and development of piperine-loaded polymeric micellar gel for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Development and Characterization of a Hydrogel Incorporating Protamine-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Disulfiram and Coumarin for Diabetic Wound Healing.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Silibinin-Loaded Proniosomal Gel for Cutaneous Application: Pharmaco-Technical Characterization and In Vitro-In Ovo Biocompatibility.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Thermoresponsive Sol-Gel System Incorporating Oleuropein-Rich Olive Leaf Extract for Enhanced Wound Healing and Antibiofilm Activity.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Engineering a Nanostructured Hybrid Gel System with Sodium Humate for Enhanced Wound Healing.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Enhanced Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Niosomal Gel of Tioxolone-Benzoxonium Chloride: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo Evaluation.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSpreadability is a critical performance attribute for semisolid formulations, influencing patient compliance, dose uniformity, and product acceptability. Despite its importance, there is no standardized method for its assessment across pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
objectiveThis review uniquely integrates systematic literature mapping with an experimental comparison of five spreadability assessment techniques, providing evidence-based recommendations for harmonizing protocols and improving reproducibility in semisolid formulation testing.
methodsA systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 211 records, of which 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Techniques reviewed included parallel-plate, slip-and-drag, rheometry (flow curve and amplitude sweep), texture analysis, and frictiometry. An experimental comparison was conducted on ten commercial formulations using all five techniques to assess inter-method variability and formulation-dependent behavior.
resultsTexture analyzer and amplitude sweep rheometry emerged as the most reproducible and predictive methods, showing strong correlation (r = 0.74) in both literature and experimental data. Flow curve yield stress negatively correlated with parallel-plate spreadability (r = -0.796). Frictiometry results varied significantly with formulation type, particularly for ointments. Creams consistently ranked highest in spreadability across methods.
conclusionNo single method universally captures spreadability. Amplitude sweep rheometry correlated well with texture analysis, while flow curve values were more variable. Parallel-plate testing showed strong agreement with rheological and tribological methods, though texture analysis diverged, capturing distinct mechanical attributes. A tiered approach integrating parallel-plate, amplitude sweep, and frictiometry is recommended, with flow curve retained for regulatory compliance. Texture analysis provides valuable orthogonal information. Standardization of parallel-plate protocols is needed to establish unified spreadability indices.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.