Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41440632›Full record

ArticleJournal of functional biomaterials2025

The Impact of Post-Printing Hydration in NaCl Solution on the Properties of Binder Jet 3D-Printed Calcium Sulfate and Its Converted Hydroxyapatite.

Faungchat Thammarakcharoen, Autcharaporn Srion, Waraporn Suvannapruk, Wiroj Limtrakarn, Jintamai Suwanprateeb

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of functional biomaterials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Faungchat ThammarakcharoenBiofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0001-5788-1169
Autcharaporn SrionBiofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0003-3133-8752
Waraporn SuvannaprukBiofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0001-9138-9418
Wiroj LimtrakarnDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0003-0394-7323
Jintamai SuwanprateebBiofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-5555-3927

Funding

Platform Technology, the National Metal Materials Technology Center P1951214
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Binder jet 3D printing of calcium sulfate-based materials combined with phase transformation offers a versatile route for fabricating customized bone grafts; however, controlling the transformation process remains a key challenge. This study investigates the effect of post-printing hydration in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions on the phase transformation, dimension, and compressive properties of binder jet-printed calcium sulfate (3DPCaS) toward hydroxyapatite (3DPHA) formation. The as-printed 3DPCaS primarily consisted of bassanite with minor gypsum, which progressively transformed into gypsum upon immersion in NaCl solutions of varying concentrations (1-5 M) and durations (2-30 min). Increased immersion time and moderate NaCl concentrations (2-4 M) promoted gypsum formation without inducing dimensional instability. Subsequent transformation in phosphate solution produced 3DPHA with high hydroxyapatite (HA) purity, reaching 100% conversion. Microstructural analysis revealed recrystallized, plate-like gypsum crystals that served as favorable templates for HA nucleation. The resulting 3DPHA exhibited enhanced specific modulus (up to 274.9 MPa.m

Indexed as

3D printingbinder jettingcalcium sulfatehydrationhydroxyapatitephase transformation

Identifiers

PMID41440632
PMCPMC12734172

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.