ArticleEuropean thyroid journal2026
Low FT4 levels in early pregnancy are associated with higher insulin therapy need in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Article in European thyroid journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Thyroid markers in early to mid-pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: To compare demographical and thyroid parameters/disorders between a group of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treated with diet and lifestyle measures (DiLS) and a group also necessitating insulin therapy (IT). Furthermore, to determine which variables were associated with IT need. Design/methods: Retrospective analysis in a single centre cohort including 1,782 women screened at median 12 (11-14) weeks of pregnancy for thyroid disorders (TSH, free T4 (FT4), and TPOAb) and for GDM with an oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks. Women with assisted and multiple pregnancies were excluded (n = 85). The diagnosis of GDM was based on the 2013 WHO criteria, and TAI on increased TPOAb levels (≥60 kIU/L). Multivariable regression analyses were applied to identify variables/conditions (thyroxine treatment before or after screening, thyroid parameters (TSH and FT4 levels), and thyroid disorders (subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and/or thyroid autoimmunity (TAI)) were associated with IT. Results: Overall, 328 of the 1,697 women were diagnosed with GDM (19.3%); 54 were treated with IT (16.5%) and 274 only with diet and lifestyle measures (83.5%). After adjustment for confounders, only FT4 levels were associated with IT need (adjusted odds ratio: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61-0.94; P = 0.011). Conclusion: Lower serum free T4 levels were independently associated with a higher risk for IT need in women with GDM. More research is needed to unravel this association, but insulin resistance is probably a major contributor.
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