Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41439109›Full record

ReviewBioMed research international2025

Epidemiology of Human and Animal Anthrax in India, 1990-2022: A Comprehensive Analysis of Literature and National Surveillance Data.

Suresh K Puttahonnappa, Jessica Radzio-Basu, Hindol Maity, Ramya K Rao, Robab Katani, Divakar Hemadri, Sharanagouda Patil, Jayashree Anand, Samer Singh, Divya Kandari and 7 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in BioMed research international, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Suresh K PuttahonnappaNational Institute of Veterionary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India.
Jessica Radzio-BasuHuck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, psu.edu.
Hindol MaityDepartment of Microbiology, Mathma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.
Ramya K RaoNational Institute of Veterionary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India.
Robab KataniHuck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, psu.edu.
Divakar HemadriNational Institute of Veterionary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-105X
Sharanagouda PatilNational Institute of Veterionary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3291-7513
Jayashree AnandNational Institute of Veterionary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India.
Samer SinghCentre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, bhu.ac.in.
Divya KandariIndependent Researcher, New Delhi, India.
Rajinder KaurCentre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, bhu.ac.in.
Rani PrameelaState Level Diagnostic Laboratory, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, India, svvu.edu.in.
Shivraj MuragDiagnostic Bacteriology and Mycology, SRDDL, Institute Of Veterinary Biological Animal & Health, Bangalore, India.
Niranjana SahooDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
Vivek KapurHuck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, psu.edu.
Shah HossainConsultant, CisGEN Biotech Discoveries Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1989-9389
Mohan PapannaHuck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, psu.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1086-1736

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Anthrax, a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Methods: A comprehensive literature search covering the period from 1990 to 2022 was conducted across various databases including CAB Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, alongside Indian government databases like the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) and the National Animal Disease Referral Expert System (NADRES). We extracted data from studies published in English, using predefined keywords, and evaluated them using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel and EpiInfo, with spatial mapping in ArcGIS Pro. Results: Out of the 423 studies reviewed, 44 fulfilled our inclusion criteria, providing data on 174 human outbreaks (1778 cases, 130 fatalities) and 1775 animal outbreaks (7818 deaths). We identified key hotspots for human anthrax in West Bengal, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh, and significant hotspots for animal anthrax in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Majority of human outbreaks were reported between March and June, whereas the majority of animal outbreaks were reported between June and September. A strong correlation was observed between rainfall and animal outbreaks in the eastern region (correlation coefficient of 0.94). Conclusion: The study highlights key hotspots for human and animal anthrax and discrepancies in human and animal anthrax reporting and gaps in surveillance. There is a critical need for enhanced One Health surveillance and animal anthrax vaccination programs for effective management and mitigate the disease. These strategies are essential not only for public health and livestock welfare in India but also for global health security.

Indexed as

AnthraxZoonosesAnimalsBacillus anthracisDisease OutbreaksHumansIndiaanimal deathsanthrax endemicityBacillus anthraciscutaneous anthraxintersectoral surveillance

Identifiers

PMID41439109
PMCPMC12719797

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.