ArticleClinical and experimental reproductive medicine2026
Effects of dibutyl phthalate on early implantation events with human endometrial cells and trophoblast spheroid model.
Article in Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study investigates the estrogenic activity of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and its potential effects on endometrial receptivity and early embryo implantation. Given its widespread exposure and structural similarities to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the potential for DBP to interfere with implantation-a key factor in fertility-is explored.
methodsThe optimal concentration of DBP was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Gene and protein expression related to attachment, estrogen receptor signaling, and inflammation were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Immunocytochemistry was used to assess the nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), while attachment and outgrowth assays evaluated the effects of DBP on trophoblast behavior. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5.01 (GraphPad Software) and SPSS ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc.).
resultsDBP did not show cytotoxicity in Ishikawa cells at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μM. DBP treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to attachment, estrogen receptor signaling, and inflammation. Protein analysis showed an increase in inflammation-related proteins, and DBP enhanced ERα nuclear translocation. In trophoblast experiments, DBP-treated cells exhibited slightly lower attachment rates at early time points, but no significant differences were observed after 1 hour. DBP also reduced the outgrowth area of JEG-3 cells, with a significant decrease observed at 100 μM.
conclusionDBP exhibits estrogenic activity, disrupting implantation and invasion, and may pose risks to female reproductive health. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the long-term effects of DBP exposure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.