ArticleEuropean journal of pediatrics2025
The LIRIC Study-Live musIc in Relational Interactions with Children: using live music to transform interactions during wound dressing changes in pediatrics: a grounded-theory study.
Article in European journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The organization of pediatric care: the right care, from the right professional, at the right time and place: an editorial update.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Wound-dressing changes expose children to severe pain and anxiety. Interactive music-live, improvised music co-created with a trained musician who continuously adapts tempo, melody, and participation to the child's cues-may restore child-centered care. Grounded in theories of social synchrony and emotional co-regulation, it could transform triadic dynamics, yet its effects on children, parents and health professionals remain understudied. The aim of this study is to explore how interactive music shapes actions, reactions, and relationships within the child-parent-professional triad during pediatric wound-dressing procedures. A constructivist grounded-theory study was undertaken in a children's hospital. Thirty dressing sessions were observed; pain and restraint were scored, and 103 semi-structured interviews conducted with children, parents, health professionals, and the musician. Data were analyzed through constant-comparative coding and cross-source integration until theoretical saturation. Four themes emerged. (1) Interaction tempo: adults shifted between technical focus and child engagement. (2) Relational inertia: many children entered a freeze-like withdrawal, characterized by stillness and narrowed attention. (3) Musical functions: live music redirected adult focus toward the child, transformed the emotional climate, and elicited motor-vocal initiative. (4) Contextual relational leadership: when professionals synchronized clinical steps with musical cues, triadic communication flowed; when leadership faltered, competing initiatives produced dissonance.
conclusionInteractive music can re-establish child-centered dynamics during painful procedures. By pacing interventions to the child's state and supporting professional-led relational leadership, live music complements analgesia and may mitigate freeze responses. Multi-site trials combining behavioral coding with clinical outcomes are needed to determine optimal timing and target groups. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Most studies on the effectiveness of music focus on the child-parent dyad and use receptive music; the triadic child-parent-nurse dynamic during painful procedures remains largely unexplored. • Children often exhibit fight-flight-freeze responses, yet "freeze" behaviors are rarely described in routine pediatric practice. WHAT IS NEW: • This study identifies relational inertia, a freeze-like withdrawal that can hinder communication during wound dressings . • The concept of contextual relational leadership shows how profesionals can harness musical cues to align technical steps with the child's emotional tempo, advancing child-centred care.
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Registered trials
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