SynthesisMolecular psychiatry2026
Secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes: a systematic literature review resulting in 228 suspected cases.
Synthesis in Molecular psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- "It Doesn't Matter Where OCD Comes From," or Does It?Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
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Abstract
Secondary forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have clear underlying organic causes and are recognized as distinct nosological entities in the latest international classification systems. This study aims to provide a systematic overview of published cases of suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO was conducted oriented on PRISMA criteria. Cases from case studies/series of patients with suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes and/or secondary obsessive-compulsive symptoms were included. Cases of obsessive-compulsive symptoms due to pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) were excluded. Overall, 228 cases of suspected secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes were identified from 189 publications. Causal factors included brain lesions (25.4%), genetic syndromes (24.1%), head trauma (12.3%), autoimmune-inflammatory processes (11.8%), tumors (8.3%), neurodegeneration (7.5%), seizures (4.8%), pathogens (3.9%), metabolic processes (1.3%), or other reasons (0.4%). The age of the affected patients varied considerably (mean 37.3 ± 21.2 years, range 4-94 years, n = 226). Diagnostic abnormalities were identified through brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging/computer tomography) in 66.2% of the sample and via blood analysis in 23.9%. In cases reporting the regions of the brain involvement, frontal lobe (34.3%) and the basal ganglia (26.5%) were mostly affected. The findings highlight a variety of suspected causes of secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes, most frequently brain lesions, genetic syndromes, head trauma, and autoimmune-inflammatory processes. Identifying secondary obsessive-compulsive symptoms informed personalized therapies in a subgroup of published cases.
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