Advanced Analysis Techniques for Elucidating Failure Mechanisms in Silicon Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries.

Silicon-based anode materials are the most promising alternative to the commonly used graphite for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their low operational potential, abundance, and remarkably large specific capacity. Because of their exceptional electrochemical characteristics, Si-based anode materials are expected to meet the energy requirements for electric vehicles, large-scale storage devices, and portable devices. However, LIBs based on Si anodes faced several challenges, such as large volume expansion, interfacial side reaction during the cycling process, and phase transition, which hindered their practical application. For the commercialization of LIBs facilitated by Si materials, understanding of the fading mechanism in these electrodes is crucial. To unravel the fundamental fading mechanism in high-performance LIBs, advanced analysis techniques can play an important role. This review highlights the fundamental failure mechanisms and discusses the advanced characterization methods to understand these fading mechanisms of Si-based anode materials. Moreover, we discussed the overview of future research directions and challenges to enhance the practical application of Si-based anode materials for LIBs.