Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41431974›Full record

ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2026

Life-Course Blood Pressure Levels, 38-Year Tracking, and Prediction of Hypertension.

Fiia Iiskala, Yaxing Meng, Markus Juonala, Costan G Magnussen, Katja Pahkala, Nina Hutri, Mika Kähönen, Terho Lehtimäki, Mikael Fogelholm, Eero Jokinen and 7 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Childhood isolated systolic hypertension is not benign: adult hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Fiia IiskalaResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine University of Turku Finland.ORCID 0009-0007-0233-7896
Yaxing MengBaker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Australia.
Markus JuonalaDivision of Medicine Turku University Hospital Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-9498-364X
Costan G MagnussenResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine University of Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-6238-5730
Katja PahkalaResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine University of Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-9338-4397
Nina HutriTampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation Tampere University Tampere Finland.ORCID 0009-0000-7614-1318
Mika KähönenDepartment of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland.
Terho LehtimäkiDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere University Tampere Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-2555-4427
Mikael FogelholmDepartment of Food and Nutrition University of Helsinki Finland.
Eero JokinenDepartment of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents University of Helsinki Finland.
Tomi P LaitinenDepartment of Clinical Physiology University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland.
Leena TaittonenTampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-7071-0177
Päivi TossavainenDepartment of Pediatrics University of Oulu Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-0388-9039
Antti JulaNational Institute for Health and Welfare Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-3522-5301
Jorma ViikariDivision of Medicine Turku University Hospital Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-6452-010X
Olli RaitakariResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine University of Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-9365-3702
Suvi RovioResearch Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine University of Turku Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-0911-7478

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundElevated childhood blood pressure (BP) levels may persist into adulthood, and persistent exposure to elevated BP since childhood may increase the adulthood risk of hypertension. This study examined the tracking of childhood BP into adulthood over 38 years. We also studied the association between long-term cumulative BP exposure in childhood and adolescence and the risk of developing hypertension in adulthood.

methodsParticipants were from the YFS (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) that began in 1980 (N=3596; ages 3-18 years). The cohort was remeasured in 1983, 1986, 1989, 2001, 2007, 2011, and 2018 through 2020. In total, 2064 attended the latest study visit (45% men; ages 40-58 years; average follow-up, 38.0 years). BP was measured repeatedly using standard methods. Cumulative BP exposure was defined using area under the curve. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, self-reported use of antihypertensive medication, or diagnosis of hypertension given by a physician.

resultsA weak correlation was observed between childhood (baseline ages 3-18 years) and adulthood BP (latest follow-up, ages 41-56 years):

conclusionsThese data indicate that long-term cumulative exposure to elevated BP levels in childhood/adolescence are associated with a substantially increased risk of adult hypertension.

Indexed as

Blood PressureHypertensionAdolescentAdultAge FactorsBlood Pressure DeterminationChildChild, PreschoolFemaleFinlandFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentRisk Factorsblood pressurechildepidemiologic studieshypertensionlongitudinal studies

Identifiers

PMID41431974
PMCPMC12908995

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.