ArticleGeneral psychiatry2025
Associations of physical frailty, depression and their interaction with incident all-cause dementia among older adults: evidence from three prospective cohorts.
Article in General psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sugar restriction during the first 1000 days after conception and its association with decreased risk of anxiety and depression.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Changes in Frailty and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Interacting and joint effects of frailty and depressive symptoms in relation to risk of cardio-oncology comorbidity in older adults from three prospective cohorts.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Associations between wearable-device-measured daytime and nighttime light exposures and dementia risk: A prospective cohort study.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a Cog-Free risk predicting tool for dementia in a community setting.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations of long-term average and variability of estimated glucose disposal rate with frailty progression: evidence from two prospective cohorts.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Causal machine learning analysis identifies subpopulations most likely to benefit from healthy lifestyles for cognitive outcomes.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cognitive Impairment, Dementia and Depression in Older Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Pain as a predictor of incident frailty in middle-aged and older adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a prospective cohort study using machine learning and external validation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Activity-function transitions and interpretable machine learning for predicting incident depressive symptoms among ACE-exposed middle-aged and older adults: a multi-cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Physical frailty and depression may share common pathophysiological pathways associated with dementia and thus interact with each other. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the individual impact of these factors on dementia. Aims: To examine the joint effect and interaction of physical frailty and depression on the risk of all-cause dementia. Methods: We conducted prospective analyses among participants aged ≥60 years from three cohorts: the UK Biobank (UKB), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Physical frailty was assessed using modified versions of the Fried frailty phenotype. Depression was evaluated through mental health questionnaires or combined with hospital admission records. The primary outcome was incident all-cause dementia, identified via active follow-up and passive surveillance. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 220 947 participants (mean age: 64.5 years; 53.3% female) were included. Over 2 832 696 person-years of follow-up, 9088 participants (7605 in UKB, 1207 in HRS and 276 in ELSA) developed incident all-cause dementia. Compared with robust individuals, frail participants faced a 155% increased risk of dementia (pooled HR: 2.55, 95% CI 2.36 to 2.76; I Conclusions: Individuals with both physical frailty and depression had the highest risk of dementia. More importantly, these two factors interact in an additive manner, further amplifying dementia risk.
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