ArticleInternational journal of retina and vitreous2025
Perception of pain during intravitreal injections: a clinical trial on the effect of entry site distance from the limbus on perceived pain.
Article in International journal of retina and vitreous, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05640895 (The Effect of Entry Site Distance From Limbus on Perceived Pain During Intravitreal Injection of Anti-VEGF), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Entry Site Distance From Limbus on Perceived Pain During Intravitreal Injection of Anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Agents
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeIntravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections have become increasingly common over the last decade. Pain perception during these injections varies based on factors such as injection location, type of anesthetic, needle gauge, medication used, etc. However, no previous studies have evaluated pain perception at different injection locations in relation to the limbus. Enhancing patient experience during these procedures may improve long-term compliance to treatment. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between pain perception and injection sites at varying distances from the limbus.
methodsThis prospective, randomized, single-blinded, single-center study examined pain perception in patients receiving intravitreal injections for various ocular conditions. Each patient received two injections at either 3.5 or 4.0 mm from the limbus in the inferotemporal quadrant. The order of injection location was randomized, and patients were blinded to the injection site. Pain was assessed immediately after each injection using a visual analogue scale from 0 to 10. A paired-sample t-test was used to compare pain perception between injection sites, and a repeated measures multivariable linear regression model was applied to predict the effects of other variables on pain perception.
resultsA total of 53 patients were enrolled, receiving two injections. The overall mean pain score for all injections was 1.82 ± 1.64, ranging from 0 to 7. Injections administered 3.5 mm away from limbus had a slightly increased mean pain score (1.92 ± 1.64) compared to those at 4.0 mm away (1.72 ± 1.65), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.45). Additional factors, including injection site location, age, gender, ethnicity, diabetic indications, number of prior injections, type of anesthesia, and medication type were not significant predictors of pain score during injections.
conclusionPain perception did not significantly differ between injections administered 3.5 mm and 4.0 mm away from the limbus. This study is the first to evaluate pain perception at varying injection distances relative to the limbus. Injection placement should be guided by physician preference and experience.
trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on November 28, 2022 (ClinicalTrials.gov ID is NCT05640895).
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