ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Prevalence and drug-resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from raw vegetables in Aroge Gebeya, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance presents a major threat to global public health. Vegetables contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria can cause foodborne illnesses. Recently, multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), have become increasingly significant in public health. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence and drug-resistance patterns of MRSA and ESBL-PE isolated from raw vegetables in Aroge Gebeya, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Aroge Gebeya Market, Hawassa City (March-May 2024). Six types of raw vegetables (216 samples in total, with 36 samples each of red onion, lettuce, tomato, carrot, kale and potato) were collected. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae were identified using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data on sociodemographic variables and hygiene practices were collected using semi-structured questionnaires on Kobo Toolbox Software and analyzed with SPSS Software v29.0.1.
resultsThe overall prevalence of MRSA and/or ESBL-PE isolated from vegetables was 18.1% (39/216). Among the 160 isolates, 56.9% were MDR, 29.2% were MRSA, and 24.1% were ESBL-PE. The most frequently detected isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (30.0%), Enterobacter species (15.6%), Citrobacter species (15.0%) and Escherichia coli (10.6%). The highest frequency of bacterial isolates was found in tomatoes (21.9%), kale (18.1%), and lettuce (16.9%). Vegetables bought from vendors with untrimmed nails had a significantly higher prevalence of MRSA and/or ESBL-PE (AOR = 4.123; 95% CI: 1.681–10.109, p = 0.002).
conclusionThis study revealed a high prevalence of MRSA and ESBL-PE in vegetables, with strong resistance to commonly used antibiotics in Ethiopia. The isolation of MRSA from vegetables poses a significant public health risk. Additionally, many bacterial strains were resistant to multiple drugs and extended-spectrum β-lactamase, highlighting poor handling and safety practices by vendors as risk factors. Local health authorities should develop and implement effective control strategies.
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