ArticleScientific reports2025
Stability evaluation of oxyhydrogen and hydrogen nanobubbles under thermal and pH stress conditions.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07357909 (A First-in-Human, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Hydrogen-Oxygen Ultrafine Bubbles in Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A First-in-Human, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Hydrogen-Oxygen Ultrafine Bubbles in Adults
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effects of Oligomeric Ultrafine-Nano Hydrogen Water on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Composition, and Intestinal and Reproductive Responses in Late-Laying Hens.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
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2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nanobubbles (NBs), gas-dispersed systems < 200 nm in size, are increasingly explored for therapeutic and drug delivery applications but are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. This study evaluated the stability of nanobubbles generated from oxyhydrogen (HHO) and pure hydrogen (H₂) gases under thermal and pH stress. HHO nanobubbles were subjected to heating (80 °C and 100 °C) and freezing (-17 °C), while H₂ nanobubbles were stored at pH 4-9 for seven days. Particle size (mode, mean, D50) and concentration were measured using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). HHO nanobubbles showed significant degradation at 100 °C, with reduced concentration and increased particle size, whereas freezing caused moderate instability. H₂ nanobubbles were most stable at neutral pH (6-7), maintaining size and concentration, while highly acidic (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 9) conditions accelerated particle disintegration. Neutral pH (6-7) is optimal for nanobubble stability, while extreme temperatures (100 °C and freezing) markedly reduce stability. These findings provide insights into designing nanobubble formulations with enhanced environmental resilience for clinical applications such as therapeutic gas infusion and advanced drug delivery.
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