SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2025
Determinants of pneumococcal carriage by age in Africa (2000-2021): a systematic analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Early-life carriage and antibiotic resistance ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Methods: Our search strategy and inclusion criteria focused on studies describing pneumococcal carriage in Africa, from which we extracted data on group size, pneumococcal carriage, identification methods, vaccination status, respiratory tract infections, and underlying diseases. Results: Our findings indicate the highest pneumococcal carriage rates in children under 5 years, while data on carriage in the elderly (60 years and above) remains limited. HIV/AIDS, as an underlying disease, was associated with increased pneumococcal carriage. Carriage of serotypes included in the pneumococcal vaccines was decreased in those vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated. However, we did not observe an effect of pneumococcal vaccination on total carriage, suggesting replacement of vaccine-type serotypes by non-vaccine serotypes. Discussion: This indicates the need for further research to understand the impact of pneumococcal vaccination among all age groups in diverse geographical locations. Special emphasis should be given to the elderly population, since they are understudied and have a higher burden of infectious diseases in general. This review provides an overview of pneumococcal carriage in all age groups in Africa, identifying key determinants of carriage and emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to reduce pneumococcal carriage in high-risk populations. Future research should investigate factors contributing to the observed vaccination-carriage relationship and explore strategies to enhance the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination programs in Africa. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42021274041.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.