ReviewFrontiers in sleep2023
Enhanced expiratory rebreathing space for high loop gain sleep apnea treatment.
Review in Frontiers in sleep, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Unraveling sleep apnea dynamics: quantifying loop gain using dynamical modeling of ventilatory control.Sleep · 2026Article
- 3-minute central apneas: enhanced expiratory rebreathing space to the rescue.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- Inspiratory positive pressure modulation to minimize respiratory control instability.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pathophysiology of sleep apnea goes beyond anatomic predisposition to airway collapse and includes additional factors such as arousal threshold and loop gain. High loop gain is a prominent feature in central and complex sleep apnea (with a mixture of obstructive and central features) where relative hypocapnia can lead to respiratory instability and periodic breathing. Existing therapies, including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and adaptive servo-ventilators, often inadequately treat sleep apnea with high loop gain features. Enhanced expiratory rebreathing space (EERS) targets prevention of the hypocapnia that triggers central events in sleep by increasing dead space in amounts less than typical tidal volumes. This is accomplished by covering traditional exhalation ports on positive airway pressure masks and adding small additional tubing with distal exhalation and safety valves. This technique reduces carbon dioxide (CO
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Registered trials
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