Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41425831›Full record

ArticleBMJ neurology open2025

Immunogenicity of three-dose COVID-19 vaccines in people living with multiple sclerosis.

Marianne J Shawe-Taylor, David Greenwood, Anna He, Agnieszka Hobbs, Giulia Dowgier, Rebecca Penn, Theo Sanderson, Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett, James Bazire, Ruth Harvey and 24 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ neurology open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

34 authors.

Marianne J Shawe-Taylor *The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-3389
David Greenwood *The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Anna He *National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Agnieszka HobbsCOVID Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Giulia DowgierCOVID Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Rebecca PennThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Theo SandersonThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Phoebe Stevenson-LeggettCOVID Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
James BazireCOVID Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Ruth HarveyWorldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Dimitrios ChampsasNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Suraiya SharminThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Anuriti AojulaNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Alessia BianchiNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Sarmad Al-ArajiNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Yael HacohenNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Charmaine YamNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Suraya MohamudNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Ronja ChristensenNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Marcello MocciaNational Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
Crick COVID Serology Pipeline
Legacy Investigators
Vincenzo LibriNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
George KassiotisThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Steve GamblinThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Nicola LewisThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Bryan WilliamsNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, UCLH, London, UK.
Charles SwantonThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Sonia GandhiThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
David BauerThe Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Mary Wu *The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Edward Carr *The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Emma Wall *The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
Olga Ciccarelli *National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7485-1367

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving B-cell depleting disease-modifying therapy (BCD-DMT) are vulnerable to severe COVID-19. Data on vaccine immunogenicity in this patient group are incomplete. In the context of the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 2020-22, we compared vaccine responses in pwMS and healthy vaccinated adults (HVA) after three doses of messenger RNA vaccine encoding Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Spike. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, we collected serum from 226 pwMS prevaccine and postvaccine and quantified neutralising antibody titres (nAbT) in a high-throughput live virus assay against SARS-CoV-2 Ancestral, Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. We compared nAbT in pwMS and HVA, matched by age, sex, vaccine type, number of doses and time since exposure, using Wilcoxon signed-rank and χ Results: Prior to third vaccination, nAbTs against nearly all variants tested were significantly lower (p<0.05) in pwMS taking BCD therapy than those in HVA or B-cell replete pwMS, and were not significantly boosted following vaccination. In contrast, B-cell replete pwMS versus HVAs exhibited equivalent prevaccination nAbTs against all variants, which were comparably boosted against most variants following vaccination. Consequently, differences in nAbTs against all variants tested were further magnified between B-cell replete and B-cell depleted pwMS post-third vaccination. Across the entire cohort, there were no COVID-19 hospitalisations or deaths. Notably, sera collected prior to the pandemic from pwMS demonstrated pre-existing, pan-coronavirus neutralising activity against seasonal HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 variants. Conclusions: PwMS taking BCD therapy have limited antibody boosting following repeated COVID-19 vaccination. However, the absence of severe outcomes in pwMS, despite reduced immunogenicity, suggests a lower threshold for effective protection than previously reported. These findings support more nuanced risk stratification in clinical policy.

Indexed as

COVID-19multiple sclerosis

Identifiers

PMID41425831
PMCPMC12716506

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.