ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Pig regulatory macrophages as a donor-derived immune modulators in xenotransplantation.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- T cell-mediated immune responses in xenotransplantation: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Xenotransplantation Literature Update: January-June 2026.XenotransplantationReview
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Xenotransplantation offers a potential solution to the critical shortage of donor organs; however, graft survival is limited by xeno-immune activation and coagulation dysregulation. Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) are known for their immunomodulatory capacity, yet their cross-species function in the context of xenotransplantation remains unclear. This study investigates the immunoregulatory properties of pig-derived Mregs (pMregs) as a potential donor-derived cellular therapy. Methods: pMregs were generated from pig CD14⁺ monocytes using M-CSF and IFN-γ. Phenotypic characterization was performed by flow cytometry, and functional assays evaluated cytokine secretion, T-cell suppression, and induction of FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells across pig, monkey, and human lymphocytes. An Results: pMregs exhibited a canonical Mreg phenotype (CD14⁺CD16⁺CD163⁺PD-L1⁺DHRS9⁺CD32⁻CD169⁻) and secreted IL-10 and TGF-β. Functionally, pMregs suppressed T-cell proliferation across pig, monkey, and human species and induced FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells. In the xenogeneic inflammation model, pMregs attenuated inflammatory cytokine production in human M1 macrophages and downregulated mRNA expression of coagulation-associated genes, including TF and PAR-1. Discussion: These findings highlight the cross-species immunosuppressive activity and coagulation-regulatory capacity, suggesting the potential relevance to xenograft injury. pMregs may therefore serve as a promising candidate for further investigations as a donor-derived immunoregulatory cell type to complement genetically engineered pig grafts.
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Registered trials
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