Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41425579›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025

A data-driven model of macrophage polarization states reveals an IFN macrophage signature in active Crohn's disease.

Sarina C Lowe, Madelaine Leitman, Noah Yan, Alexander Hoffmann

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Frontiers in immunology · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Sarina C LoweDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Madelaine LeitmanInstitute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Noah YanDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Alexander HoffmannDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Funding

Characterizing functional states of macrophages via their stimulus-responsesR01AI173214 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Alexander Hoffmann · 2023 to 2026
$2.8M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI173214
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Macrophages are key innate immune cells responsible for initiating and coordinating immune responses. A major determinant of macrophage function is their tissue-context-dependent polarization state, regulated by the cytokines present in the tissue microenvironment. Yet, the capability of characterizing macrophage polarization states in clinical studies remains limited. Here, we used a defined set of cytokines to polarize human PBMC-derived macrophages and determine their transcriptional signatures and stimulus responsiveness. The resultant atlas of transcriptional signatures for human macrophage polarization states was applied to a dataset of intestinal biopsies from Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls. Our analysis identified a dominant population of IFNγ-polarized macrophages in areas of active Crohn's intestinal inflammation and a loss of wound healing IL-4-, IL-10- and IL-13-polarized macrophages. This study demonstrates that

Indexed as

Crohn DiseaseInterferon-gammaMacrophage ActivationMacrophagesCell PolarityCytokinesFemaleGene Expression ProfilingHumansMaleTranscriptomeCytokinesInterferon-gammaCrohn’s diseaseinflammatory bowel diseasemacrophage polarizationmacrophagesmucosal immunologyscRNAseq

Identifiers

PMID41425579
PMCPMC12711780

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.