Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41425320›Full record

ArticleACS measurement science au2025

Additive Manufacturing of Customized Flexible Wearable Sensors for Sweat Analysis with Bespoke, Low-Cost Conductive TPU.

Mayane S Carvalho, Elena Bernalte, Ana C M Oliveira, Eduardo M Richter, Rodrigo A A Muñoz, Robert D Crapnell, Craig E Banks

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in ACS measurement science au, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mayane S CarvalhoFaculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Great Britain.
Elena BernalteFaculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Great Britain.
Ana C M OliveiraFaculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Great Britain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-8930
Eduardo M RichterInstitute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3840-8277
Rodrigo A A MuñozInstitute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-5825
Robert D CrapnellFaculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Great Britain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8701-3933
Craig E BanksFaculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Great Britain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-9764

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The development of wearable technology that is non-invasive, customizable, comfortable for the user, and able to transmit data to healthcare providers from remote and rural locations has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare sector and aligns with key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In this work, bespoke conductive filaments based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) incorporating different ratios of carbon black (CB) and graphite (GRT) were developed, for the first time, via melt extrusion for additive manufacturing of flexible, wearable electrochemical sensors. Eight formulations were systematically evaluated in terms of morphology, electrical resistance, wettability, and electrochemical behavior. The hybrid composition containing 20 wt% CB and 20 wt% GRT demonstrated the best balance between conductivity, mechanical flexibility, printability, and electrochemical activity, while producing a 45% saving in material cost. Surface activation through (electro)-chemical treatment and mechanical polishing significantly improved the electroactive surface area and heterogeneous electron transfer rate, especially for GRT-containing electrodes. The optimized electrode exhibited the highest

Indexed as

Additive manufacturingCarbon blackFlexible electrodesGraphiteThermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)Uric acidWearable device

Identifiers

PMID41425320
PMCPMC12715732

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.