ArticlePlasma chemistry and plasma processing2026
Electrochemical Detection of NO and Ca
Article in Plasma chemistry and plasma processing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasmas (CAP) are a versatile tool in medical applications like wound healing. Its therapeutic benefits are partially attributed to the generation of biologically active reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Characterization of RONS, however, typically only occurs after treatment. Here we report the first real-time in situ detection of CAP-generated nitric oxide (NO), and the simultaneous detection of cellular calcium ions (Ca²⁺) release using electrochemical sensors during CAP treatment of murine wounds. In vivo, NO rose rapidly within the first minute of CAP treatment but accumulated less overall than in PBS, reflecting reactions with wound-bed targets. In situ measurements revealed nearly double the concentrations of static endpoint assays, underscoring the importance of real-time detection. Ca²⁺ signals displayed transient, burst-like increases, likely due to CAP-induced membrane permeability and as response to oxidative stress. We also investigated the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of the graphene oxide coated NO sensors and ion-selective Ca²⁺ sensors. Interference studies showed that the NO sensor also responds to H
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