ReviewDiscover oncology2025
Targeting the osteosarcoma immune microenvironment for improved immunotherapy and translational applications.
Review in Discover oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative Molecular Insights and Computational Modeling of Multiple Myeloma and Osteosarcoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Reprogramming CXCL10-mediated NK cell trafficking to enhance immunotherapy in osteosarcoma.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Immune exclusion as a recurrent immune-escape state driving treatment resistance in osteosarcoma: insights from single-cell, spatial, and multi-omics studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy, outcomes remain poor in metastatic cases, with five-year survival rates below 30%. This stagnation highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Growing evidence indicates that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a central role in OS progression, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Immunosuppressive cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), dominate the TIME, while cytotoxic T cells often exhibit exhaustion. Stromal barriers, hypoxia, and metabolic constraints further impair immune activity. Recent single-cell and spatial transcriptomic studies reveal that immune and stromal architectures strongly correlate with prognosis and therapeutic response. These features contribute to the limited efficacy of current immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and CAR-T cells. In this review, we summarize the cellular, molecular, and spatial components of the OS TIME, critically evaluate current immunotherapeutic strategies, and highlight emerging translational approaches aimed at overcoming immune resistance and improving clinical outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.