ArticleBMJ global health2025
The neuropsychiatric toll of rising temperatures on women's health in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review.
Article in BMJ global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundGlobal warming poses a significant threat to human mental health, with disproportionate effects on vulnerable and highly exposed populations, such as women from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This scoping review mapped available evidence on associations between high ambient temperature and psychiatric, neurologic and neurocognitive outcomes in women from LMICs.
methodsA systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Global Health, CINAHL and Global Index Medicus in December 2024, and updated in September 2025, without date restriction. Controlled vocabulary terms were used to identify relevant studies in the domains of ambient heat exposure, mental disorders/mental health, emotional regulation, sleep, pain and LMICs. 70 studies were included based on a priori defined eligibility criteria. A qualitative, narrative synthesis was conducted.
resultsWe found evidence suggesting positive associations between exposure to high ambient temperature and adverse psychiatric, neurologic and neurocognitive outcomes among women from LMICs. Associations of heat with psychiatric outcomes seem to be non-specific. Studies were heavily concentrated in China, with notable underrepresentation from Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia, and many used overlapping data sources. Most studies analysed female subgroups within mixed-sex samples, rather than focusing exclusively on female samples.
conclusionsA critical research gap remains concerning women from LMICs. Comprehensive, methodologically rigorous research is essential to understand regional differences and the temporal pathways through which heat exposure affects women, particularly those from Africa and Latin America. Understanding the severe health consequences of global warming is imperative as populations with the least resources are the most affected.
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