Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41422129›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Development and optimisation of green flame retardant properties of cotton fabric treated with chitosan nanoparticles and phosphate using Taguchi method.

Ismail Hossain, Md Abdul Alim, Nayeem Uddin, Suprio Shantanu Saha, Md Shohan Parvez, Md Maniruzzaman, Mohammad Salman Haque, Anirban Mallick

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ismail HossainDepartment of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh. ihossaindr@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3463
Md Abdul AlimDepartment of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Nayeem UddinDepartment of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Suprio Shantanu SahaDepartment of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Md Shohan ParvezDepartment of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Md ManiruzzamanDepartment of Chemistry, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Mohammad Salman HaqueDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Anirban MallickDepartment of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.

Funding

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh. KUET/CASR/21/ 28(37), Date: 16/08/21
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The inherent flammability of cotton poses a significant fire risk during combustion. In this work, an eco-friendly and sustainable flame-retardant (FR) cotton woven fabric was fabricated using bio-based chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The Taguchi method was employed to optimise the FR treatment process, utilising an L9 orthogonal array design comprising nine experiments with three replications each. Chemical characterization of the treated fabrics was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The successful attachment of ChNPs and DAP to the cotton fabric surface was confirmed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The size and morphology of ChNPs were analysed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted to assess the thermal stability and percentage of weight loss in the fabric samples. The treated fabrics were further evaluated for flame spread time and tensile strength. The study successfully identified the optimal treatment conditions as a DAP concentration of 6%, a ChNP concentration of 5 g/L, and a curing temperature of 160 °C. The results showed that flame retardancy improved significantly with increasing DAP concentration and curing temperature, while ChNPs contributed moderately to the FR performance. TGA indicated that untreated cotton completely degraded around 510 °C, whereas treated samples remained thermally stable up to 700 °C, with a residue of 34%. In conclusion, the application of the Taguchi method proved to be an effective approach for optimising flame-retardant treatment parameters, enhancing the thermal and fire-resistant properties of cotton fabric in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.

Indexed as

Chitosan nanoparticlesCotton fabricDiammonium phosphateFlame retardantTaguchi method

Identifiers

PMID41422129
PMCPMC12722698

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