ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2025
Autism and Hikikomori Risk: A Link Beyond Other Psychopathologies, and Their Relationship to Loneliness and Solitude.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association Between Loneliness and Hikikomori Symptoms. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2026Pooled it
- The Joy and the Pain of Being Alone: Managing the Solitude-Loneliness (SOLO) Paradox in People High on the Autism Spectrum.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to further investigate the relationship between autism and hikikomori, an extreme form of social withdrawal.
methodsA sample of 323 adolescents and adults aged 12–59 years, with (n = 64) and without ASD (n = 259), completed self-report measures assessing hikikomori symptoms, related psychopathology, loneliness, and attitudes toward solitude. A subsample (n = 177: 40 with and 137 without ASD) also completed a validated scale for measuring autistic traits.
resultsFindings revealed that individuals with ASD displayed significantly higher levels of extreme social withdrawal and were nearly 10 times more likely to exceed the clinical threshold for hikikomori than non-clinical individuals. Autistic traits were significantly and positively correlated with hikikomori symptoms, even after controlling for comorbid psychopathology. Additionally, both ASD and hikikomori were associated with increased loneliness and a stronger preference for solitude.
conclusionThese results highlight autism’s contribution to extreme social withdrawal and emphasize the complex interplay between neurodevelopmental vulnerability, isolation, and social affiliation needs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41420695What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.