Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41419291›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2025

Implementation of starfish sampling for invisibilised populations: a methods protocol of the BRAVE multi-site cross-sectional community-based participatory study.

May Sudhinaraset, Heeun Kim, Kelly Song, Reuben John Ronquillo, Jungha Kim, Henry F Raymond

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In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

May SudhinarasetCommunity Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA msudhinaraset@ucla.edu.
Heeun KimCommunity Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1889-7314
Kelly SongCommunity Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Reuben John RonquilloCommunity Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Jungha KimCommunity Resource Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Henry F RaymondDepartment of Epidemiology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-2749

Funding

Use of Reproductive Health Care among Asian Immigrant WomenR01HD109194 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI May Sudhinaraset · 2022 to 2026
$3.0M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD109194
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundImmigrant populations, particularly undocumented immigrants, are often considered 'hidden' or 'hard to reach' in research. This invisibilisation-under-representation or exclusion in data collection-leads to data inequities and biased findings that fail to capture their unique experiences. Starfish sampling mitigates selection bias and improves access to invisibilised populations by recruiting 'seed' participants at randomly selected times and locations and leveraging their social networks to recruit the next wave of participants. In this protocol paper, we outline the sampling strategy for the BRAVE (Building community, Raising All immigrant Voices for health Equity) study, a multi-site, cross-sectional survey examining the relationship between immigration history and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service utilisation among Asian immigrant women in the USA. This protocol is an adaptation of novel starfish sampling in combination with various data tools and a community-based participatory research approach. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Using data from the American Community Survey and insights from community partners, we will conduct community mapping across four study sites (Atlanta, Houston, Los Angeles County and New York City). We will select census tracts that reflect the primary ethnic groups of interest and diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. From these selected census tracts, we will construct a venue universe by identifying key activity areas for Asian immigrant women through data scraping from online sources. We will then randomly select venue-date-time combinations and deliberately choose various community engagement events for recruitment. Culturally competent field officers who are fluent in Asian languages will recruit participants at these events. Participants can refer up to three peers from their social networks to take part in the survey. Results will be presented as descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to test the association between immigration history and SRH service utilisation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The overarching BRAVE study protocol was approved by the University of California Los Angeles Institutional Review Board (IRB) (IRB-22-0493-AM-016). The results will be disseminated through academic journal publications and relevant data will be shared with our community partners.

Indexed as

Emigrants and ImmigrantsPatient SelectionReproductive Health ServicesAsianCommunity-Based Participatory ResearchCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansResearch DesignUnited StatesCommunity-Based Participatory ResearchHealth EquityHealth SurveysMethodsSurveys and Questionnaires

Identifiers

PMID41419291
PMCPMC12716530

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.