ReviewNano convergence2025
A far from equilibrium state developed from pulse poling for high performance piezoelectric transducers.
Review in Nano convergence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- TiONano convergence · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Creating a piezoelectric or pyroelectric material from a ferroelectric material requires aligning its ferroelectric domains to achieve a remanent polarization. This complex process involves nucleating/growing domain structures and inducing a macroscopic, non-centrosymmetric symmetry under an applied electric field. For many years, this process has not received significant attention. Typically, DC fields are applied at elevated temperatures to align the domain states, balancing the depolarization and screening fields in a metastable state that is still near equilibrium. In contrast, the pulse poling (PP) strategy uses field pulses much faster than the time it takes for depolarization and bulk screening processes to occur. This instability allows the PP of relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) crystals and textured ceramics to induce a new far-from-equilibrium (FFE) state, which has enhanced properties compared to conventional DC poling. RFE crystals are of interest because it is known that poling them in specific directions creates engineered domain structures that provide giant piezoelectric properties with low hysteretic losses. By applying PP to RFE crystals in the < 001 > direction, significant changes in the electromechanical properties within the FFE state were observed, which opens new high-performance opportunities for these materials in transducer applications. This review outlines the property enhancements with PP and their origins while modeling the properties with a phenomenological thermodynamic approach. The properties are discussed with respect to transducer applications and benchmarked to other traditional poling strategies. Mn: PMN-PIN-PT, Mn: PMN-PZT, and Sm: PMN-PIN-PT are primarily used as model systems to demonstrate enhanced electromechanical performance with PP over other conventional poling strategies. Given the new concepts discussed in this paper, there is also a future research section at the end of the paper to drive the innovation beyond this initial work.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.