Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41416478›Full record

ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026

Design of Experiments (DoE)-Optimized Polymeric Oxytocin Nanoparticles for Enhanced Nose-to-Brain Delivery.

Naveed Ahmad, Shunping Han, Rifka Utami, Rafal Baker, Dina Helal, Zhuoni Li, Mark Tricklebank, Yannis Paloyelis, Julie Wang, Marija M Petrinovic and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Naveed AhmadInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Shunping HanInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Rifka UtamiInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Rafal BakerInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Dina HelalInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Zhuoni LiDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
Mark TricklebankDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
Yannis PaloyelisDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-3720
Julie WangInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Marija M PetrinovicDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0894-8424
Sukhi BansalInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
Khuloud T Al-JamalInstitute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5165-2699

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/J008656/1Brain Research UK 202021-30Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust WT103913
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Oxytocin (OT) is a promising candidate for regulating social behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, its inconsistent efficacy can be attributed to the lack of an efficient delivery system that selectively target the brain without inducing peripheral side effects following intranasal (IN) administration. In this study, OT is encapsulated within an FDA-approved poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (OT-NP) to improve nose-to-brain (NTB) delivery. A PEGylated version (OT-NP-PEG) is developed to improve nasal mucosal diffusion. Optimization using a design of experiments (DoE) approach produced nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters of ≈93-116 nm, polydispersity index ≈0.20, zeta potential -21 to -33 mV, and drug loading ≈2.8-3.5% (w/w). The stable OT-NP-PEG showed sustained release (>42% and 58% at 24 and 72 h) and greater diffusion through simulated nasal mucus. [

Indexed as

BrainDrug Delivery SystemsNanoparticlesOxytocinPolymersAdministration, IntranasalAnimalsMiceNasal MucosaPolyethylene GlycolsOxytocinPolyethylene GlycolsPolymersartificial intelligenceautismautoradiographyencapsulationpeptidePLGAradiolabeling

Identifiers

PMID41416478
PMCPMC12877978

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.