ReviewCureus2025
Immune Checkpoint Dysregulation in Autoimmune Disorders: A Narrative Review of Therapeutic Implications.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficacy and Safety of the PD-1 Agonist JNJ-67484703 in Participants with Atopic Dermatitis: Phase 2a, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Results.Dermatology and therapy · 2026Article
- Harnessing tumor immune checkpoints for autoimmune disease therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoints act like dimmer switches that keep immune responses in balance. In autoimmune disease, problems usually fall into four overlapping types: weak inhibitory signals, too much co-stimulation, metabolic or epigenetic rewiring of checkpoint pathways, and a mismatch between tissue and blood findings. This narrative review focused on human and translational studies from PubMed/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (Embase), Web of Science, and Scopus (to 2025), prioritizing tissue-based data, trials of checkpoint agonists or co-stimulation blockade, cell-based tolerance (low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2), chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cells (CAR-Tregs), and extracellular vesicle (EV) approaches. Tissue profiling tracks disease activity better than blood alone. Immunometabolic stress, especially lactate-driven protein lactylation and ferroptosis, can blunt programmed cell death protein-1/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (PD-1/CTLA-4) braking and destabilize regulatory T cells (Tregs). A practical biomarker panel pairs lesion immunohistochemistry/spatial maps of PD-1/programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) and second-wave checkpoints with soluble PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and EV cargo under strict pre-analytical control. Therapy should be staged: first, lower the inflammatory and metabolic load, then restore inhibitory tone with checkpoint agonists or co-stimulation blockade, and add Treg support and EV-guided delivery when regulation is fragile. Safety needs vaccine timing, age-/sex-aware dosing, and composite panels that distinguish flare from over-suppression. The next step is endotype-first, spatially informed, biomarker-anchored trials to achieve durable, safer immune rebalancing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.