Precise Image Color Correction Based on Dual Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperative Flight.

Color accuracy and consistency in remote sensing imagery are crucial for reliable plant health monitoring, precise growth stage identification, and stress detection. However, without effective color correction, variations in lighting and sensor sensitivity often cause color distortions between images, compromising data quality and analysis. This study introduces a novel in-flight color correction approach for RGB imagery using cooperative dual unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights integrated with a color chart (CoF-CC). The method employs a master UAV equipped with an RGB camera for image acquisition and a synchronized secondary UAV carrying a ColorChecker (X-Rite) chart, ensuring persistent visibility of the chart within the imaging field of the master UAV for the calculation of a color correction matrix (CCM) for in-flight image correction. Field experiments validated the method by analyzing cross-sensor color consistency, assessing color measurement accuracy on field-grown rice leaves, and demonstrating its practical applications using rice maturity estimation as an example. The results indicated that the CCM significantly enhanced color accuracy, with a 66.1 ​% reduction in the average CIE 2000 color difference (ΔE), and improved color consistency among the six RGB sensors, with a 70.2 ​% increase in the intracluster distance. CoF-CC subsequently reduced ΔE from 18.2 to 5.0 between the corrected rice leaf color and ground-truth measurements, indicating that the color differences were nearly perceptible to the human eye. Moreover, the corrected imagery significantly enhanced the rice maturity prediction accuracy, improving the R