ArticleSAGE open medicine2025
Pathophysiological pathways of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to traumatic brain injury: An observational cross-sectional study.
Article in SAGE open medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To investigate changes in serum neuroinflammatory biomarker concentrations and associated psychopathological manifestations in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder, taking into account the presence or absence of traumatic brain injury. Methods: The study involved 159 male combat veterans who had been involved in combat within the year prior to their inclusion in the study, divided into four groups: veterans without post-traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury ( Results: Traumatic brain injury presence was associated with reduced severity of depression and avoidance symptoms compared to individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder alone. Elevated serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron-specific enolase antibodies were observed in post-traumatic stress disorder patients, with neuron-specific enolase antibodies particularly increased in the post-traumatic stress disorder + traumatic brain injury group. Notably, YKL-40 levels were decreased in the post-traumatic stress disorder + traumatic brain injury group. Migration inhibitory factor concentration was reduced in post-traumatic stress disorder, while isolated post-traumatic stress disorder was linked to higher receptor for advanced glycation end-products levels. Significant correlations were found between biomarker concentrations and psychometric indices. Conclusion: The findings reveal distinct clinical and biochemical profiles for isolated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbid with traumatic brain injury, reflecting differences in underlying pathophysiological processes. The data suggest involvement of neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and autoimmune mechanisms in post-traumatic stress disorder pathogenesis-particularly when traumatic brain injury is also present. Identified biomarkers may enhance diagnostic and prognostic tools in combat psychiatry.
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