ArticleJournal of biological methods2025
Modelling innate and adaptive immune responses in whole blood: A modified
Article in Journal of biological methods, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Blood is central to immune defense, rendering accurate assessment of its immunoreactivity vital for medical and biotechnological applications. Objective: This study presented a novel whole blood immunoreactivity assay (WBIA) designed to mimic natural physiological conditions, preserving essential cell-cell and cell-cytokine interactions for Methods: Fresh whole blood (with or without heparin) was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (Con A), or both, activating innate and adaptive immunity. Cytokine levels were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after incubation. Results: Coagulation enhanced secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mitogen-stimulated samples. LPS induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and VEGF, while LPS + Con A co-stimulation produced the highest levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, and IL-10. Peak cytokine concentrations were reached at 18 h, declining by 48-72 h. In 18 h LPS + Con A-stimulated serum blood samples from 30 healthy donors (19 women, 11 men, aged 30-55), cytokine levels (pg/mL, mean ± standard error of the mean) were as follows: IL-1β at (521 ± 62), IL-2 (24 ± 4), IL-6 (569 ± 43), IL-8 (277 ± 28), IL-10 (198 ± 35), IL-18 (293 ± 19), IFN-γ (227 ± 108), TNF-α (930 ± 126), and VEGF (655 ± 55). Conclusion: The WBIA provides a reliable, physiologically relevant model for evaluating immune responses to stimuli. Its high fidelity to
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.