ArticleFrontiers in psychology2025
The impact of bilingualism and code-switching on executive function performance.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bilingualism, characterized by the use of two or more languages, places unique demands on executive functions (EFs), which are essential for managing cross-linguistic interference. This study investigates EF performance in Turkish-German bilinguals and German monolinguals across five domains: response inhibiton, working memory, task-switching, interference control, and attention. Additionally, the influence of habitual code-switching behavior on EF outcomes in bilinguals was explored using a novel scene description game designed to elicit naturalistic code-switching patterns, which approximate participants' habitual bilingual language use. Results revealed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in task-switching accuracy, indicating enhanced cognitive flexibility. However, monolinguals exhibited superior working memory performance, as measured by d-prime scores on the N-Back task. No significant group differences were observed in attention-related tasks. Within the bilingual group, the Code-Switching Index (CS Index) emerged as a significant predictor of EF performance, particularly in tasks requiring interference resolution, such as the Stroop Interference test. Higher levels of code-switching were associated with increased susceptibility to Stroop interference, suggesting a complex trade-off between cognitive flexibility and interference control efficiency. These findings contribute to understanding the specific effects of bilingualism on EF performance, highlighting domain-specific adaptations that emerge in some EF components but are absent in others. By integrating insights from EF research with contemporary theories of cognitive control and bilingual language use, this study underscores the importance of analyzing individual EF domains and accounting for diverse bilingual experiences, such as code-switching behavior, to better understand the cognitive mechanisms underlying bilingualism.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.