Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41414826›Full record

SynthesisAnnals of medicine2025

3D printing technology in hepatobiliary surgery education: a systematic review.

Jinjian Lin, Wei Li, Xin Yu, Yaruo Zhang, Yao Xiao, Xinze Li, Chenglian Wang, Chen Geyu, Jing Tian

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jinjian LinDepartment of Clinical Skills Training Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Wei LiDepartment of Clinical Skills Training Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Xin YuDepartment of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Yaruo ZhangDepartment of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Yao XiaoDepartment of Clinical Skills Training Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Xinze LiJucheng Teaching Technology Development Co. Ltd, Yingkou, China.
Chenglian WangR&D Center, Jucheng Teaching Technology Development Co. Ltd, Yingkou, China.
Chen GeyuDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Jing TianDepartment of Clinical Skills Training Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9690-3850

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThree-dimensional printing (3DP) is increasingly applied in surgical training; however, its effectiveness and reliability in hepatobiliary surgery education remain uncertain.

objectivesTo systematically review the literature on the application and effectiveness of 3DP in hepatobiliary surgical training and anatomical education.

methodPubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched for publications dated 1 January 1995, to 19 January 2025. Two investigators independently performed the literature search and screened eligible studies that reported the use of 3DP models for surgical training or anatomical education. Study quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI), and levels of evidence were graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) framework. Extracted data included study design, participant numbers, type of surgical training, type of anatomical education, and reported subjective and objective outcomes.

resultsTwenty-two studies investigated the application of 3DP in clinical surgical training and 12 studies focused on anatomical education. Laparoscopic procedures were the most frequently reported training context (59%). In anatomical education, tumor localization was the most common task (50%). Ten studies reported that 3DP significantly improved operative performance, reducing operation time by 34-54.6% in laparoscopic and choledochoscopic training. In anatomical education, 3DP models improved students' performance by 57-70% in liver segment memorization.

conclusion3DP models demonstrated substantial value in both surgical training and anatomical education for hepatobiliary surgery. Although still developing, 3DP has already achieved broad acceptance among surgeons and medical students as an effective adjunct for skill acquisition and anatomical understanding.

Indexed as

Biliary Tract Surgical ProceduresPrinting, Three-DimensionalClinical CompetenceHumansLaparoscopyLiverModels, Anatomic3D printinganatomy educationhepatobiliary surgerysurgical training

Identifiers

PMID41414826
PMCPMC12720639

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.