ArticleDental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology2026
Biomechanical Analysis of 3D Printed and Thermoformed EVA Custom-Made Mouthguard: Experimental and Finite Element Analyses.
Article in Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Dental Traumatology in Contemporary Practice: From Evidence to Education and Clinical Practice.Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objective3D printed materials have been evaluated for fabricating mouthguards; however, little is known about their biomechanical performance in preventing dental trauma. This study aimed to compare two 3D printed polymers and three ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets used for mouthguard fabrication regarding their mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior during impact, analyzed through finite element analysis (FEA). MATERIALS AND
methodsTwo 3D printed polymers, KeyGuard (Keystone) and DimaPrint (Kulzer), and three EVA sheets, Bio-art, Essence Dental, and Proform, were used to create the specimens following ISO 37-II (n = 10). Shore A hardness was measured on the surface. The breaking force (F, N), elongation (EL, %), ultimate tensile strength (UTS, MPa), and elastic modulus (E, MPa) were measured using a universal testing machine (EMIC). Density (ρ, g/cm
resultsOne-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among the tested mouthguards for all evaluated parameters (p < 0.01). Essence Dental showed the highest and DimaPrint the lowest values of F and UTS values (p < 0.01). Proform was the highest, and DimaPrint had the lowest EL values (p < 0.01). DimaPrint and KeyGuard had the highest, and Proform had the lowest E values (p < 0.01). KeyGuard, Essence Dental, and Bio-art had higher Shore A values than Proform and DimaPrint (p < 0.01). The 3D printed polymer group had significantly higher Poisson's ratio values than EVAs. The density values were similar for all tested materials (p = 0.055). The absence of a mouthguard led to greater stress and strain on the impacted tooth. All mouthguards significantly reduced these values, showing comparable shock-absorbing capacity. Displacement was generally lower in the buccal region and increased toward the palatal side.
conclusionAlthough the 3D-printed polymers exhibited mechanical properties different from EVA materials, all mouthguards demonstrated similar effectiveness for reducing stress and strain on the impacted tooth, indicating comparable protection against dental trauma.
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