ArticlePopulation health metrics2025
Trends in income-related concentration and inequality in health in Japan: evidence from population-based National surveys from 2001 to 2022.
Article in Population health metrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundJapan has experienced widening income disparity in recent years, raising concerns about income inequality in health. This study aims to investigate trends in income-related concentration and inequality in key health outcomes between 2001 and 2022.
methodsThis study utilized repeated cross-sectional data from 500,580 individuals (238,746 men and 261,834 women) aged ≥ 6 years, obtained from eight waves of population-based national surveys conducted between 2001 and 2022. The study examined trends in the concentration index and the relative and slope indices of inequality for key health outcomes, including self-rated health, subjective symptoms, limitations in undertaking activities of daily living, and experience of stress/anxiety, as well as the number of physician visits and incidence of selected non-communicable diseases (NCDs). All measures were standardized by age and sex.
resultsIncreasing concentrations of poor health status among low-income individuals and rising income-related health inequality were observed over the study period, although a greater pro-poor concentration was noted for physician visits. Additionally, income-related inequality increased for persons with hypertension, diabetes, and at least one type of NCD.
conclusionsThe results indicate persistent income-related inequalities in health within a context of universal health coverage.
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