ArticleBMC genomics2025
Anuran genome size evolution is driven by relatively recent retrotransposon activity and by life history.
Article in BMC genomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Controlling for life-history traits in vertebrates reveals that effective population size does not affect mutation rate or genome size.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTransposable elements (TEs), often referred to as ‘selfish genetic elements’, hijack their host’s genetic machinery to replicate themselves within the host genome, and are primary contributors to genome size in vertebrates. In particular, frogs and toads (Order: Anura) are well known for not only having large genomes, but for having genomes with drastic variation in size (e.g., Scaphiopus couchii: 0.48 Gbp, Rana muscosa 10 Gbp). This discrepancy in size is due in part to relative differences in the proliferation and success of TEs across anuran genomes. In this study, we ask: do specific TE families drive genome size variation and are these patterns phylogenetically-constrained? To answer this, we use 61 publicly available anuran reference genome assemblies, comprising 22 anuran families, to investigate the effects of TEs on the evolution of anuran genome size. In addition, we used repeat landscapes to analyze TE activity in the context of anuran evolutionary history, in order to understand how lineage-specific TE activity affects genome size variation in anurans. Finally, we examined how life history traits that have been predicted to be constrained by genome size, larval period and clutch size, are associated with TEs.
resultsOur results suggest that copy number of elements and total content of several TEs families (L1/CIN4, Ty1/Copia, Ty3/DIRS1, hobo-Activator) are associated with increased genome size across anurans. We further found that the copy numbers of recently active Ty3 retrotransposons are correlated with increased genome size, suggesting that expansions of this family of TE have had a distinct effect on the size of the anuran genome across evolutionary time. Finally, we found interactions between several TE families (hobo-Activator, PiggyBac, L2/CR1/Rex, and SINEs) and larval period, indicating that developmental time may be a major constraint on genome size and species with additional constraints may more effectively purge TEs.
conclusionOur findings underscore the pivotal roles of both the activity of specific TE families (L1/CIN4, Ty1/Copia, Ty3/DIRS1, hobo-Activator) and developmental constraints in amphibian genome size evolution.
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