Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41413297›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2026

Dietary intake of vitamins A, B, C, D and E and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk children: a prospective study from the DIPP birth cohort.

Markus Mattila, Peppi Haario, Leena Hakola, Hanna-Mari Takkinen, Essi J Peltonen, Tuuli E Korhonen, Suvi Ahonen, Jorma Ilonen, Jorma Toppari, Mikael Knip and 3 more

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Article in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Markus MattilaFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. markus.mattila@tuni.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-9474
Peppi HaarioDepartment of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Leena HakolaFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-6035
Hanna-Mari TakkinenFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Essi J PeltonenFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-3089
Tuuli E KorhonenDepartment of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-3618
Suvi AhonenFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Jorma IlonenImmunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-2062
Jorma ToppariResearch Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-334X
Mikael KnipResearch Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-0033
Riitta VeijolaDepartment of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-270X
Sari NiinistöDepartment of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-6241
Suvi M VirtanenFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8928-0878

Funding

JDRF 1-SRA-2016-342-M-RJDRF 1-SRA-2019-732-M-BJDRF 3-SRA-2020-955-S-BJDRF 4-1998-274JDRF 4-1999-731JDRF 4-2001-435Research Council of Finland 114666Research Council of Finland 126813Research Council of Finland 129492Research Council of Finland 139391Research Council of Finland 201988Research Council of Finland 210632Research Council of Finland 250114Research Council of Finland 276475Research Council of Finland 308066Research Council of Finland 339922Research Council of Finland 63672Research Council of Finland 68292Research Council of Finland 79685Research Council of Finland 79686Research Council of Finland 80846the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9AA084the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9AB083the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9E082the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9F089the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9G087the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9H092the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9J147the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9K149the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9L042the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9L117the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9M036the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9M114the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9N086the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9P057the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9R055the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9S074the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9T072the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9U065the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9V072the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital 9X062the European Union Biomed 2 Program BMH4-CT98-3314
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisIn this prospective birth cohort study, we examined whether the dietary intake of A, B, C, D and E vitamins is associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in children who are genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes.

methodsData on vitamin intakes in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) cohort study were available for 5674 children born between September 1996 and September 2004 in Oulu University Hospital or Tampere University Hospital. Diet was assessed using 3-day food records at the age of 3 and 6 months, and annually from 1 to 6 years. The primary outcomes were: (1) islet autoimmunity defined as repeated positivity for islet cell autoantibodies and at least one out of three type 1 diabetes-related biochemical autoantibodies or a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes; and (2) a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.

resultsDuring the 6-year follow-up, 247 children (4.4%) developed islet autoimmunity and 94 (1.7%) developed type 1 diabetes. When adjusted for total energy intake, sex, HLA genotype and family history of diabetes, the intakes of retinol (HR 0.91; 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.86, 0.97 per 10 µg/MJ increase in intake), vitamin C (HR 0.70; 95% CrI 0.54, 0.90 per 10 µg/MJ) and vitamin E (HR 0.93; 95% CrI 0.89, 0.97 per 0.1 mg/MJ) were associated with decreased risk of islet autoimmunity and also with the risk of type 1 diabetes (retinol: HR 0.83; 95% CrI 0.74, 0.96 per 10 µg/MJ; vitamin C: HR 0.45; 95% CrI 0.23, 0.84 per 10 µg/MJ; vitamin E: HR 0.89; 95% CrI 0.80, 0.99 per 0.1 mg/MJ). The associations remained statistically significant after multiple testing correction for the risk of islet autoimmunity but not for type 1 diabetes. The association between retinol intake and islet autoimmunity risk was not significant when the 3-month age point, during which the child is primarily breastfed, was excluded. We observed a weak inverse association for vitamin D and islet autoimmunity, and no associations for B vitamins. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationHigh intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity.

Indexed as

AutoimmunityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Islets of LangerhansVitaminsAutoantibodiesBirth CohortChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesDietFemaleFinlandGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInfantMaleAutoantibodiesVitamin AVitamin DVitamin EVitaminsBirth cohort studyChildDiabetes mellitus type 1Islet autoimmunityJoint modelsTocopherolsVitamin AVitamin B complexVitamin CVitamin DVitamin E

Identifiers

PMID41413297
PMCPMC12957001

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.