ArticleJournal of separation science2025
Developing a Headspace SPME Arrow GC-MS Method for the Determination of Nicotine Biomarkers in Raw Sewage.
Article in Journal of separation science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Developing a Headspace SPME Arrow GC-MS Method for the Determination of Nicotine Biomarkers in Raw Sewage.Journal of separation science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) concerns the analysis of human biomarkers in untreated sewage samples as indicators of diseases, exposure to pollutants, and population lifestyle. Smoking, in various forms, and its prevalence in society are essential aspects of such studies. Anatabine, anabasine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine are the most well-known nicotine biomarkers, and the relation of their concentrations with the smoking prevalence has been used in WBE studies. Analysis of these compounds has been based on LC-MS following classical solid or liquid extractions. Regarding the complexity of the sewage samples, the final chromatograms are still plagued by a large number of contaminants, despite the use of tandem or high-resolution MS detectors. In this work, a novel headspace SPME-Arrow extraction method has been developed, optimized, and validated for determining four nicotine metabolites in raw sewage medium. A Box-Behnken design was used to assess the significance of temperature, pH and ionic strength as three factors influencing the extraction efficiency and also to optimize the experimental conditions. The effect of extraction time and its optimum value were determined individually. The optimized sample preparation method followed by GC-MS (SIM) was shown to be sensitive enough to analyze the analytes at their actual concentration levels (ng-µg L
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