ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026
Improving Assessment of Vaccine Effectiveness by Coupling Test-Negative Design Studies with Survival Models.
Shangchen Song, Matt Hitchings, Yang Yang, Ira M Longini
Abstract readPreprint
In one paragraphArticle in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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0citing papers in PubMed
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What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
2 · The registryThe trial behind it
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3 · Its place in the literatureWho cites it
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4 · The recordCorrections and comments
5 · Who and what moneyAuthors and funding
4 authors.
Shangchen SongDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5145-7404 Matt HitchingsDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2327-3557 Yang YangDepartment of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Ira M LonginiDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Funding
Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) -Identifying correlates of functional immunity in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasmaUL1TR002243 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Paul A. Harris, Wesley H Self · 2017 to 2026
$130.7MUniversity of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001857 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI REIS, STEVEN E · 2016 to 2025
$129.3MUCLA Clinical Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001881 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARLEEN F. BROWN, ARASH NAEIM · 2016 to 2026
$118.1MClinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001872 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI COLLARD, HAROLD R, JACOBY, VANESSA · 2016 to 2025
$112.1MProject-005UL1TR001445 · NCATS · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI BREDELLA, MIRIAM ANTOINETTE, HOCHMAN, JUDITH S · 2015 to 2025
$103.5MYale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9MPhenotypic Diversity in COVID-19UL1TR001878 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI FITZGERALD, GARRET A · 2016 to 2025
$102.4MTransform Dissemination and Implementation Science in CTSA ProgramsUL1TR002319 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI John K. Amory · 2017 to 2026
$100.0MClinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR001873 · NCATS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI REILLY, MUREDACH P · 2016 to 2025
$99.0MWU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8MThe Harvard Clinical and Translational Science CenterUL1TR002541 · NCATS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2018 to 2022
$93.0MImplementing a Maternal health and PRegnancy Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE)UL1TR002378 · NCATS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Andres J Garcia, Elizabeth O. Ofili · 2017 to 2026
$92.1MGates Foundation INV-018455NCATS NIH HHS U24 TR002306NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001409NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001412NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001414NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001420NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001422NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001425NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001427NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001430NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001433NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001436NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001439NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001442NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001449NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001450NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001453NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001855NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001857NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001860NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001866NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001872NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001873NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001876NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001878NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001881NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001998NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002001NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002003NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002014NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002240NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002319NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002366NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002369NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002373NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002377NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002378NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002384NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002389NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002489NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002494NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002529NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002537NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002538NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002541NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002544NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002548NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002550NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002553NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002556NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002645NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002649NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002733NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002736NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003015NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003017NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003096NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003098NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003107NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003142NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003167NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004528NCEZID CDC HHS U01 CK000670NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104938NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104941NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104942NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115371NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115428NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115458NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115516NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM115677NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM133807
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
The test-negative design (TND) has become a widely used observational study design for evaluating vaccine effectiveness, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditionally, TND has been viewed as a variant of the case-control study and largely limited to use with logistic regression models. In this paper, we first establish that TND can be framed as a special case of a cohort study, thereby opening the door to a wider range of analytical approaches. We then introduce the Prentice, Williams, and Peterson gap-time (PWP-GT) frailty model as a novel method for analyzing TND data, accounting for recurrent infections and time-dependent vaccination status. Through extensive simulation studies, we demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms conventional models commonly applied in TND-based vaccine effectiveness studies. Finally, we apply our method to data from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative, estimating the effectiveness of full and booster doses of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccines against both initial infection and reinfection during the Omicron variant circulation period in a real-world setting.
Indexed as
COVID-19recurrent infectionsurvival analysistest-negative designvaccine effectiveness
Identifiers
PMID41409669
PMCPMC12706598
What OpenQuestion holds
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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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