ArticleFrontiers in dental medicine2025
Effect of particle size reduction on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement.
Article in Frontiers in dental medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bioactive Fillers in Bulk-Fill Composite Resins: A Comprehensive Review of the Effects on Polymerization Shrinkage Behavior and Mechanical Performance.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Acid erosion, surface topography, and fluoride release of glass ionomer cements subjected to erosive challenge.Brazilian dental journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is widely used in restorative dentistry due to its biocompatibility and fluoride release; however, its limited mechanical strength and bioactivity restrict its broader clinical applications. Reducing glass powder particle size represents a promising approach to enhancing its physicochemical performance. Objective: To investigate the effect of glass powder particle size reduction on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of a conventional GIC. Methods: Four groups of conventional GIC were prepared by modifying glass powder particle size through one- or two-step ball milling. Particle size distribution (PSD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to verify particle morphology, while energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed chemical composition. The groups included: A - submicron (average 576.9 nm), B - nano (average 92.4 nm), C - hybrid (average 352.6 nm; composed of both nano and submicron particles), and D - control (936.8 nm, unmodified). Evaluations included pH, fluoride, and calcium ion release (over 28 days), initial setting time, compressive strength, and diametral tensile strength. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test ( Results: Group B (nano) exhibited the highest fluoride (8.4 ± 0.2 ppm at 3 h) and calcium ion release (1.3 ± 0.08 ppm at 3 h), and the most alkaline pH (6.6 ± 0.09 at day 28). Particle size reduction significantly increased ion release and pH over time but reduced compressive strength (99.02 ± 4.01 MPa) and prolonged setting time (426 ± 10.14 s). The hybrid group (Group C) demonstrated a balanced profile between ion release and mechanical strength, with no chemical alteration observed across groups. Conclusion: Reducing GIC particle size to the nanoscale enhances ion release and alkalinity but compromises mechanical strength. A hybrid formulation incorporating both nano- and submicron-sized particles provides an optimal balance between bioactivity and strength, offering a promising direction for future development of GICs.
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