Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41408936›Full record

ArticleTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2026

Characterising secondary dengue infections in Saudi Arabia using combined IgG and PCR testing.

Reem A Bin Suaydan, Waleed S Al Salem, Eitezaz A Zaki, Zenaida S Stead, Roua A Alsubki

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In one paragraph

Article in Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Reem A Bin SuaydanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0009-0007-3534-2536
Waleed S Al SalemSaudi Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia.
Eitezaz A ZakiMolecular Biology Department, Jeddah Regional Lab, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 23441, Saudi Arabia.
Zenaida S SteadNational Livestock and Fisheries Development Program, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia.
Roua A AlsubkiDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSecondary dengue infection (SDI), often associated with increased disease severity, remains a diagnostic and public health challenge in endemic regions. This study evaluates the use of combined IgG and PCR testing in identifying SDI cases and explores the demographic, geographic and clinical characteristics of SDI in Saudi Arabia.

methodsA total of 2850 patient samples were collected from six regions in Saudi Arabia, from January 2022 to March 2024. Laboratory testing included NS1 antigen detection, IgM and IgG ELISA and RT-PCR for viral RNA. SDI was defined as IgG+/PCR+ based on the WHO criteria.

resultsOf 1448 PCR-confirmed dengue cases, 493 (34%) were classified as SDIs. The highest proportions of SDIs were observed in Asir (71.4%), Jazan (60.0%) and Makkah (50.4%), with Makkah contributing the largest number of SDI cases overall (243/482). The highest burden was observed in males and individuals aged 21-40 y. Four deaths occurred among IgG+ patients with comorbidities.

conclusionsCombined IgG and PCR profiling enhances the early identification of SDIs. Regional clustering and age-related patterns also underscore the need for targeted clinical monitoring and public health interventions.

Indexed as

CoinfectionDengueImmunoglobulin GAdolescentAdultAgedAntibodies, ViralChildChild, PreschoolDengue VirusEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayFemaleHumansImmunoglobulin MInfantMaleAntibodies, ViralImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulin MRNA, Viraldengue shock syndromedengue virusIgG/PCR diagnosticsSaudi Arabiasecondary dengue infectionserological markers

Identifiers

PMID41408936
PMCPMC13042222

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.