ArticleInjury epidemiology2025
Criminal legal and behavioral health pathways in law enforcement-petitioned extreme risk protection orders.
Article in Injury epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExtreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPOs) are civil legal tools that temporarily restrict firearm access for individuals deemed to pose a risk of harm to themselves or others. Although ERPOs are strictly civil orders, their implementation often overlaps with other legal and behavioral health interventions. This qualitative study examined patterns among individuals subject to law enforcement-filed ERPOs in Washington State who intersect with arrest and involuntary transportation for behavioral health evaluation, and how these intervention pathways relate to ERPO outcomes.
methodsOf the 859 ERPOs granted at the temporary level in Washington State between 2016 and 2022, 57.6% (n = 495) involved one of the three intervention pathways: arrest (29.6%, n = 254), involuntary transport for behavioral health evaluation (26.1%, n = 224), or both (2.0%, n = 17) during the precipitating event that led to ERPO filing. We conducted qualitative analysis using the pen portrait method for n = 130 of these 495 cases to examine how risk was framed in court narratives and how those narratives corresponded with intervention pathways and ERPO outcomes.
resultsNarratives that emphasized self-harm frequently described involuntary transport, while those highlighting threats to others often involved arrest. Other factors, including firearm presence, mental health history, and how intent was described, emerged as recurring narrative elements and corresponded with specific intervention pathways. Judges ordered behavioral health evaluations in 36.3% of granted one-year ERPOs, but no clear patterns emerged between intervention pathways and this outcome.
conclusionsFindings suggest that law enforcement narratives were associated with how ERPO cases unfolded and which systems became involved. These findings highlight how variation in the way risk is framed in ERPO petitions, particularly around perceived intent, danger to self versus others, and contextual factors, can influence how systems respond, even under similar behavioral circumstances.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.