ArticleBMC public health2025
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes from 2011 to 2023 by regional socioeconomic deprivation in Germany: an ecological study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The cost-effectiveness of second line diabetes medication added to standard therapy in preventing type 2 diabetes related nephropathy in Germany.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing globally and is unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups. In Germany, little is known about how these socioeconomic inequalities have developed over time. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the age- and sex-specific prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Germany from 2011 to 2023 and assess related temporal trends in socioeconomic inequality.
methodsWe used nationwide claims data (N ~ 70 million persons per year) from the German statutory health insurance, aggregated at the county level and linked them to the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (GISD), an area-based measure of deprivation based on education, occupation, and income. We identified prevalent type 2 diabetes cases using ICD-10 codes E11, E12, E13, and E14. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios for the association between GISD quintiles and type 2 diabetes prevalence, with temporal trends assessed through the four-way interaction between age, sex, GISD, and calendar year.
resultsCrude type 2 diabetes prevalence increased from 9.00% (95% confidence interval: 8.99–9.01) in 2011 to 9.60% (9.59–9.61) in 2023, while age-standardised prevalence showed a smaller increase, from 9.00 (8.99-9.00) in 2011 to 9.35% (9.34–9.35) in 2023. A clear socioeconomic gradient emerged, with the highest prevalence of 11.80% (11.78–11.82) in 2023 in the most deprived regions (quintile 5), compared to 8.00% (7.99–8.01) in the least deprived regions (quintile 1). Prevalence was consistently higher in men than women, but the socioeconomic gradient was more pronounced among women (prevalence ratio 2023 women 1.29 (1.23–1.35), men 1.22 (1.17–1.26)).
conclusionsOur findings highlight persistent socioeconomic disparities in type 2 diabetes prevalence, especially among women. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying these disparities and to evaluate targeted interventions for high-risk populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.