An experimental test for ecologically dependent reproductive isolation across an avian migratory divide.

Divergent adaptation can promote ecological speciation if hybrids have reduced fitness because they are poorly adapted to either parental niche. We tested for ecologically dependent, postzygotic isolation between two subspecies of Swainson's thrushes, which form a migratory divide and hybrid zone in western North America. To do this, we translocated backcrossed and admixed birds from the hybrid zone into the range of each subspecies in the beginning of fall migration. We estimated a proxy for their survival on migration and migratory behaviour using automated radio tracking. Apparent survival of birds in the two environments did not depend on their genomic ancestry, suggesting that Swainson's thrushes' divergent adaptation to different fall migration routes does not fit the classic model of ecological speciation. We propose an alternate scenario where ecological selection on migration may interact with intrinsic maladaptation in hybrids to cause reduced hybrid survival on migration. By translocating birds from the same genomic backgrounds into different environments, our experiment also allowed us to distinguish between the effects of environmental relative to genetic contributors to their migratory behaviour. We found evidence that both genetic and environmental factors influence migratory behaviour, as an effect of genomic ancestry on initial migratory trajectories depended on the start location for migration but birds ultimately followed expected routes given their genomic ancestries.