ArticleAfrican journal of primary health care & family medicine2025
Factors associated with late diagnosis of breast cancer among women in Botswana.
Article in African journal of primary health care & family medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Stage at Diagnosis and Molecular Subtype Distribution of Breast Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of socioeconomic status on tumor stage, molecular subtype distribution, treatment adherence, and survival outcomes in breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundBreast cancer is a public health issue in Botswana. Associations of patient-level factors with late breast cancer diagnosis are not well understood. This may explain why there are many cases of late diagnosis.
aimWe assessed patient-level factors associated with late breast cancer diagnosis among women in Botswana.
settingThe study was conducted at four designated cancer public health facilities in Botswana.
methodsA cross-sectional hospital-based survey questionnaire was administered to 211 adult women (15 September 2023 - 15 December 2023). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square/Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were performed using StataNow 18 SE to analyse the association of patient factors with late diagnosis for breast cancer.
resultsForty-six per cent (n = 90) of women studied presented with advanced cancer at the first stage of diagnosis. Occupation (χ2 = 9.0342; p = 0.029) and age at first full-term pregnancy (χ2 = 6.3287; p = 0.042) were associated with late diagnosis at bivariate analysis. With univariate analysis, being single (odds ratio [OR]: 0.184, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.036-0.932) and formally employed (OR 3.395, 95% CI: 1.467-7.860) were associated with late diagnosis. Multivariate analysis identified second-degree family history as a major predictor of late cancer diagnosis among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.340, 95% CI: 0.129-0.893).
conclusionAlmost half (45.91%, n = 90) of the study participants presented with advanced stages of breast cancer at the time of initial diagnosis. While we did not study all women in Botswana, the geographical spread of our sample reflects a countrywide problem. We recommend scaling-up cancer awareness campaigns for improved benefits of early breast cancer screening and diagnosis.Contribution: We identified patient level factors associated with late breast cancer diagnosis among women studied in Botswana. Thus, our study informs an awareness campaign for reducing cases of breast cancer late diagnosis.
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