Observational studyJournal of the American Heart Association2026
Prognostic Impact of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Overlap Among Patients With Acute Heart Failure: Insights From a Real-World Multinational Cohort.
Observational study in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction at the Intersection of CKM Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Path-to-Target Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome Staging and Relevance to Precision Nutrition.Nutrients · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe prognostic significance of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) multimorbidity in acute heart failure (AHF) remains unclear. We evaluated its association with clinical outcomes in a real-world, multinational cohort of patients with AHF.
methodsWe included patients with AHF hospitalized from 2005 to 2020 at 2 tertiary care centers in Switzerland and Kyrgyzstan. Patients were categorized based on the number of CKM conditions in addition to HF (0-3). CKM conditions included prior myocardial infarction, impaired kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/m
resultsAmong 1745 patients (69% Swiss, 44% female, age 74±13 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 43±16%), at baseline, 18.9% had HF alone, 39.0% had 1 CKM condition, 30.7% had 2, 11.4% had 3. Impaired kidney function was the most prevalent CKM condition (n=1011), followed by prior myocardial infarction (n=742) and diabetes (n=595). At 1 year, 731 patients (41.9%) experienced the primary outcome. Compared with HF alone, an increasing number of CKM conditions was associated with stepwise increases in the risk of the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs], 1.27 [95% CI, 1.01-1.59], 1.50 [95% CI, 1.19-1.89], and 2.10 [95% CI, 1.59-2.77] for 1, 2, and 3 CKM conditions). These associations remained consistent regardless of sex, age, and left ventricular ejection fraction (
conclusionsIn this real-world cohort of hospitalized patients with AHF, CKM multimorbidity was common and associated with a stepwise increase in the risk of adverse outcomes. These data underscore the importance of comprehensive CKM assessment in an AHF setting.
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