ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Shifting mortality patterns of primary liver cancer in the United States: a 20-year analysis of disparities.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trends in liver failure-related mortality among middle-aged and older adults with digestive system malignant tumors in the United States, 1999-2023.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Trends and disparities in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma mortality in the United States, 1999-2024: a CDC WONDER analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Primary liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite its significant disease burden, long-term trends in primary liver cancer mortality across diverse demographic and geographic populations in the United States (U. S.) remain insufficiently characterized. Methods: We analyzed national mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database from 1999 to 2020. Deaths were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes C22.0-C22.9, encompassing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and other specified or unspecified liver cancers. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated and stratified by sex, ethnicity, census region, urbanization, and state. Temporal trends were assessed using joinpoint regression to estimate annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: Between 1999 and 2020, AAMRs increased steadily from 9.96 to 14.52 per 100,000 in males and from 4.56 to 6.35 per 100,000 in females, with consistently higher rates in males. Ethnic disparities were evident: non-Hispanic White (NH White) individuals had the lowest AAMRs but showed significant long-term increases (AAPC = 2.02%), whereas non-Hispanic Other (NH Other) populations experienced a decline (AAPC = -1.05%). Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black (NH Black) populations maintained persistently elevated mortality. Geographically, the South and West exhibited the highest AAMRs, although modest declines emerged in some regions after 2015. Both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas showed rising mortality, with steeper increases among nonmetropolitan populations. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across states, with most demonstrating positive AAPCs. Conclusion: Primary liver cancer mortality in the U. S. has risen markedly over the past two decades, with pronounced disparities by sex, ethnicity, region, urbanization, and state. These findings highlight the influence of sociodemographic and structural determinants on liver cancer outcomes. Efforts to reduce mortality should focus on equitable access to prevention, early detection, and treatment, particularly for high-burden populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.